![]() A “hole” notation originated from the justified assumption that neither matter nor radiation falling into such an object can escape from it after crossing a certain critical hypothetical surface called an event horizon. The discreteness of energy means that the number of emitted photons is finite, that is, even an exponential decrease in luminosity will not last forever. Decrease time in e times is very small, namely 3 3 / 2 r g / ( 2 c ) ≃ 2.6× 10 − 5 ( M / M ⊙ ) second. The “black” characteristic is suitable since it is supported by the observed luminosity of the hot surface of such an object, as shown by measurements of a distant observer, which decreases exponentially with time. According to Schwarzschild’s solution massive objects with a total mass M collapsed below their gravitational radius r g = 2 G M / c 2 are conventionally called black holes (BHs). ![]() It was shown by Oppenheimer-Snider and independently by Datta in 1939 that a black hole can be formed as a result of the gravitational collapse of a spherical massive dust object. The astronomical observation of black holes provides rich fundamental physics laboratories for experimental tests and verification of various models of black hole accretion and different theories of gravity in the regime of strong gravity.īlack hole solutions for the first time were obtained by Schwarzschild in 1916 from Einstein field equations. High energetic activity from supermassive black holes due to the magnetic Penrose process discussed in the work is in agreement with the highly energetic cosmic rays observed. It has been shown that the simulated images of supermassive black holes obtained are in agreement with the observational images obtained by event horizon telescope collaboration. It has been demonstrated that the observational data strongly depends on the structure and evolution of the accretion disk surrounding the central black hole. ![]() The astrophysical applications of the theoretical models of black hole environment to the description of various observed phenomena, such as cosmic rays of the ultra-high-energy, black hole shadow, gravitational lensing, quasinormal modes, jets showing relativistic effects such as the Doppler beaming, thermal radiation from the accretion discs, quasiperiodic oscillations are discussed. The work reviews the investigation of electromagnetic, optical, and energetic properties of astrophysical and galactic black holes and surrounding matter.
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